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A positive demand shock for coltan, a mineral whose bulky output cannot be concealed, leads armed actors to create illicit customs and provide protection at coltan mines, where they settle as “stationary bandits.” A similar shock for gold, easy to conceal,

Although global flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) have not recovered since the 2008 financial crisis, flows to developing countries have continued to register a very modest growth. But what is the impact of these FDI inflows on the recipient developing economies?

Can large-scale peer interaction foster entrepreneurship and innovation? Vega-Redondo et al. (2019) conducted an RCT involving almost 5,000 entrepreneurs from 49 African countries.