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A commonly held and highly intuitive view is that intensified competition will improve the allocation of resources in an economy, by shifting resources to more productive firms.

This paper, by He, Wang and Zhang (2019), estimates the effect of environmental regulation on firm productivity usign a spatial regression discontinuity design implicit in China's water quality monitoring system.

Many reports have described Chinese engagement in Africa as “neo-imperialism” and “authoritarian capitalism”, exploiting resources and local labour while undermining democracy.

Despite the importance of agglomeration externalities in theoretical work, evidence for their nature, scale, and scope remains elusive, particularly in developing countries.